The camps, hostels, hospitals, transit centres and detention sites through which Ukrainians passed between 1939 and about 1960, from the first refugee barracks in Slovakia, through wartime forced labour and the displaced persons camps of occupied Germany and Austria, to the hostels and reception centres of the countries that took people in.
The camps in numbers
Ukrainians counted in the camps, by zone, 1946 to 1951
The same figures as a table
| Zone and return | Ukrainians counted |
|---|---|
| Ukrainians in the PCIRO or IRO Camps of Austria · 30 September 1948 | 6,402 |
| Ukrainians in the PCIRO or IRO Camps of Austria · 30 June 1950 | 2,572 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA or IRO Camps of the British Zone of Germany · 1946-1947 | 26,072 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA or IRO Camps of the British Zone of Germany · May 1947 | 31,296 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA or IRO Camps of the British Zone of Germany · Dec. 1947 | 28,460 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA or IRO Camps of the British Zone of Germany · July 1949 | 12,279 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA or IRO Camps of the British Zone of Germany · Dec. 1950 | 4,762 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA or IRO Camps of the British Zone of Germany · Aug. 1951 | 4,758 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA and IRO Camps of the American Zone of Germany · 1946-7 | 63,981 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA and IRO Camps of the American Zone of Germany · Aug. 1946 | 32,283 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA and IRO Camps of the American Zone of Germany · May 1947 | 60,492 |
| Ukrainians in UNRRA and IRO Camps of the American Zone of Germany · Dec. 1947 | 53,885 |
Place pages on this site, by country
The same counts as a table
| Country | Place pages |
|---|---|
| Germany | 96 |
| United Kingdom | 46 |
| Australia | 29 |
| Austria | 17 |
| Belgium | 3 |
| Italy | 3 |
| Spain | 3 |
| France | 2 |
| Israel | 2 |
| Slovakia | 2 |
| Turkey | 2 |
| Brazil | 1 |
| Canada | 1 |
| Denmark | 1 |
| New Zealand | 1 |
| Norway | 1 |
| Poland | 1 |
| Ukraine | 1 |
Place pages on this site, by kind of place
The same counts as a table
| Kind of place | Place pages |
|---|---|
| Displaced persons camps | 104 |
| Hostels | 53 |
| Reception and transit centres | 30 |
| Internment and prisons | 10 |
| Hospitals and sanatoria | 6 |
| Forced-labour quarters | 5 |
| Other institutions | 4 |
Before 1945
The story starts before the war. When Hungary took Carpatho-Ukraine in March 1939, Carpathian Sich units and civilians crossed into Slovakia, where the soldiers were held for some weeks before release. From 26 June 1939 the Slovak army housed its Ukrainian refugee camp in barracks at Karlova Ves outside Bratislava, and the commandant’s appeal that summer describes a military routine and a steady trickle of new arrivals from Carpathian Ukraine and Galicia.910
A year later the war produced a different kind of prisoner. Soldiers of the Polish Army who were of Ukrainian origin fell into German hands with the fall of France and were held in the Frontstalags. Ukrainian Greek Catholic priests from Paris went out to them, and the eparchy’s history names Fourchambault near Nevers, with mission papers of 26 November and 31 December 1940.11
The largest wartime group by far were the civilians taken for forced labour. In Germany the racecourse camp at Ohmstede in Oldenburg was the labour office’s central transit camp for eastern workers before liberation turned it into the city’s biggest displaced persons camp. In Belgium, hut camps went up in 1942 beside the Limburg collieries at Zwartberg and Eisden, and the heritage body that commemorates them names Russians and Ukrainians among those held.1312
Others were held simply for having arrived. Neutral Turkey interned foreign soldiers who crossed its borders at Yozgat, where Soviet-origin refugees were the largest group and refused repatriation in 1945. Under Romanian occupation a tobacco depot at Grosulovo, now Velyka Mykhailivka in the Odesa region, held Ukrainians accused of partisan links, most of them handed to the Germans in 1943. In Spain, those who crossed the Pyrenees went into Francoist depots: the army’s index to the Miranda de Ebro admission files runs to about 15,600 entries, eighteen of them recorded as Ucrania.161718
Liberation and the camps, 1945 to 1947
In the spring of 1945 the Ukrainians in Germany and Austria were not one group but several. There were former forced labourers, prisoners of war, and families who had left western Ukraine with the retreating front in 1944 and had no intention of going back. There were also the soldiers of the Galicia Division, who surrendered to British forces and were moved to a camp at Rimini from 17 October 1945.8194
UNRRA gathered the displaced into assembly centres across the American, British and French zones of Germany and Austria, each with a numbered team and a catalogue identity that survives in the Arolsen inventory. The camps were not built for the purpose. They were whatever stood and had a roof: army barracks such as the Somme-Kaserne in Augsburg, hut settlements put up for forced labourers, schools, factory halls and, in the spa towns, hotels.12024
The first two years turned on the question of return. Soviet repatriation missions worked inside the western zones and ran their own camps outside them, among them the central assembly camp at Beauregard west of Paris. A Lower Austrian report of 20 August 1945 records Ukrainian eastern workers leaving the Soviet collection point at the Brucker Lager. Many went home; others feared what waited for them and spent those years arguing over screening categories and the nationality entered against their names.4041
What grew inside the wire was a small society. Camps elected their own administrations. There were Greek Catholic and Orthodox parishes, primary schools and gymnasia, vocational courses, scout troops, choirs, theatre companies, printing presses, newspapers and football. At Augsburg the residents’ own sports society published a history of its first three years, and university-level courses opened in the camp on 4 February 1946.20214
Resettlement, 1947 to 1952
From 1947 the International Refugee Organisation replaced UNRRA and the object shifted from care to departure. Assembly centres became staging posts: Wentorf served northern Germany and the Funk-Kaserne in Munich the south, and there people sat out the medical examinations and consular formalities that stood between them and a ship.222326
Britain came first. Former soldiers of the Galicia Division were brought over from Rimini and released into civilian employment, while the Westward Ho and European Voluntary Worker schemes recruited from the camps on terms that tied the worker to an allocated job. The community encyclopaedia counts 20,912 Ukrainian European Voluntary Workers, of whom 4,718 were women, and records that employment restrictions were lifted from 1 January 1951. They were housed near the work, in reused prisoner of war camps, miners’ and mill hostels and YMCA huts. A journalist who visited Raylees in Northumberland in the autumn of 1947 found forty-seven men turning bare huts into a home; at Hallmuir near Lockerbie a hut became a chapel that stands today.8673635
Australia took people on assisted passages, first into reception and training centres, of which Bonegilla in north-east Victoria was the largest with up to 8,000 at its busiest, then into holding centres and hostels near the jobs the men were directed to. Canada worked through sponsors: families came ashore at Halifax, where the terminal at Pier 21 put them on trains going west.27282930
The United States admitted more Ukrainians than anywhere else, yet there are no American pages here. That is not an omission: the screening, sponsorship and consular work was done in Europe, at places such as Wentorf and the Funk-Kaserne, and people who landed in New York went from the pier to a sponsor’s address rather than into a camp. South America took smaller numbers, and at Campo Limpo Paulista in São Paulo state coffee warehouses became the state reception hostel, where Ukrainians were the second largest group registered. Israel’s camps received Jewish survivors from territory now in Ukraine, among them a family from Radyvyliv who spent ten months at Sha’ar HaAliyah in Haifa, the camp through which nearly 400,000 people passed before it closed in 1962.252631323334
The end of the camps
The camps did not close on a single day. Between 1950 and 1952 the occupation authorities handed the remaining sites to German administration, the Oldenburg camps on 30 June 1950, and Wentorf was dissolved in January 1952. In Schleswig-Holstein alone, 9,000 homeless foreigners were still in camps on 1 July 1950.142423
Those left were the people the paperwork called the hard core: the old, the sick, the tubercular, widows with small children, anyone no receiving country wanted. Württemberg-Baden took on about 7,500 of them and later more than 10,000. Their story runs on in the displaced persons hospitals and in the old people’s and children’s homes set inside camps such as Hellbrunn in Salzburg, which passed to Austrian administration only in mid-1958. Spittal an der Drau stayed open until 1962.153739
Then the huts came down. The Ohmstede barracks were demolished around 1960 and a housing estate took their place. Part of the Somme-Kaserne in Augsburg became an arts centre before its demolition in 2025. A good many pages end at a car park or a field, which is why the surviving chapels, graves and memorial stones carry so much weight.1342
Timeline
- 26 June 1939The Slovak army moves its Ukrainian refugee camp into barracks at Karlova Ves on the western edge of Bratislava.9
- November and December 1940Ukrainian Greek Catholic priests from Paris record pastoral missions to Polish Army prisoners of Ukrainian origin at Fourchambault near Nevers.11
- 1942Hut camps are built beside the Limburg collieries at Zwartberg and Eisden for forced workers, among them people recorded as Ukrainians.12
- 1 January 1944Ukrainians who crossed the Pyrenees in October 1943 reach the Miranda de Ebro depot from Pamplona prison.4318
- 3 May 1945The eastern-worker transit camp on the Ohmstede racecourse at Oldenburg is liberated and becomes the city’s largest displaced persons camp.13
- 20 August 1945A Lower Austrian security report records Ukrainian eastern workers being moved out of the Soviet collection point at the Brucker Lager.41
- 17 October 1945Soldiers of the Galicia Division are transferred to the camp at Rimini.19
- 4 February 1946University-level courses open in the Ukrainian camp at the Somme-Kaserne in Augsburg.21
- 31 May 1947An UNRRA summary counts Ukrainians camp by camp in the American zone, one of the four dates behind Stebelsky’s tables.3
- Autumn 1947Forty-seven Ukrainian volunteer farm workers are found making a home of the former prisoner of war huts at Raylees in Northumberland.36
- December 1947104 Ukrainians are recorded at Wentorf; by August 1951, as the camp empties, there are 825.22
- 1949Sha’ar HaAliyah opens at Haifa as Israel’s central immigrant reception camp.33
- 30 June 1950The Oldenburg displaced persons camps pass to German administration.14
- 1 January 1951Employment restrictions on European Voluntary Workers in Britain are lifted.6
- January 1952The Wentorf resettlement centre is dissolved.24
- 1962The refugee camp at Spittal an der Drau in Carinthia closes, one of the last of the era.39
Sources
- DP camp inventory, entry 737
Arolsen Archives, 26 October 2023
Administrative identifiers, recorded dates and capacity; not a census.
- DP camp inventory, entry 386: DP-Camp F, Ohmstede, Oldenburg
Arolsen Archives, 26 October 2023
Catalogue row for the camp: region DP British, district 30 H, assembly centres AC 224 and AC 223, UNRRA Team 146, nationality line and archive references. No opening, closing or capacity figures are given.
- The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons after World War II
Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1992
Ihor Stebelsky, Table 7 “Ukrainians in UNRRA and IRO Camps of the American Zone of Germany”, printed pages 47–51: headers printed p. 47, Aschaffenburg rows p. 48, source notes p. 51. The four columns are a questionnaire collection of 1946 and 1947, the UNRRA summary of 24 August 1946, the UNRRA summary of 31 May 1947 and the PCIRO summary of 2 January 1948 (the column is headed “Dec. 1947”). Stebelsky’s earlier 1986 printing in Ukrainskyi Istoryk numbers these tables one higher and paginates them differently: the American zone is Table 8, printed pages 53–56.
- Displaced persons camps
Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, 1984; online edition
Overview identifies this camp among the larger Ukrainian communities.
- Post-war camps and hostels
Ukrainians in the United Kingdom: online encyclopaedia, Accessed 12 September 2026
Full entry read. Describes the national hostel system, its administering bodies and the 1951 lifting of employment restrictions; it does not name this hostel.
- European Voluntary Workers
Ukrainians in the United Kingdom online encyclopaedia, Accessed 2026
National figures: 20,912 Ukrainian EVWs, 4,718 women; women in cotton mills 38 per cent, domestic service 34 per cent, woollen mills 16 per cent; hostels close to work; release from 1 January 1951.
- In which ways is the Ukrainian community in Scotland a diaspora?
Peter David Kormylo, University of Glasgow, 2021
Original directory printed 322–323 and map printed 100; Westward Ho recruitment terms printed 203–204; archival lists attributed to AUGB and Ukrainian Catholic Church in Scotland.
- Former soldiers of the Galicia Division
Roman Krawec, Ukrainians in the United Kingdom online encyclopaedia, Updated 2014; consulted September 2026
Full article read: division origins, Bellaria–Rimini chronology, legal classification, Cabinet decision, transfer totals and release into EVW employment.
- Contemporary appeal for the Ukrainian refugee camp in Bratislava
1939 camp report, IHRC Archives, republished by Local History on 10 June 2025
Original report transcribed with archival attribution, located by Danylo Kravets of the Lviv National Library. Explicit 26 June move to Karlova Ves and the appointments, the full daily routine and the Bodický inspection, the pattern of arrivals in spring and summer 1939, the 12 July support totals and the list of needs. Photographs attributed to the University of Minnesota IHRC Archives; precise barracks address is not supplied.
- Carpathian Sich
Vasyl Markus, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 1 (1984), Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies
Overall strength of about 2,000 men, casualties, and the retreat into Romania and Slovakia, with the fate of those handed over by Romania.
- History of the Eparchy of Saint Volodymyr the Great in Paris
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in France (read via the Wayback Machine capture of 8 November 2025), Accessed 2026
Section 7: pastoral action for Polish combatants of Ukrainian origin imprisoned by the Germans, example of Fourchambault near Nevers, mission documents of 26 November and 31 December 1940.
- Supported heritage projects: commemoration of the Russian camp
Erfgoedcel Mijn-Erfgoed, 2018 project record
The heritage cell explicitly identifies Russian and Ukrainian prisoners at Zwartberg.
- Baltenflüchtlinge nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg im deutschen Exil. Dargestellt an den Baltenkolonien im Oldenburger Land
Günter Heuzeroth, Autorenteam für kritische Geschichtsschreibung in Weser-Ems, Oldenburg 2014; PDF hosted by the City of Oldenburg, 2014
Full PDF read: chapters on the Ostarbeiter transit camp (pp. 23 to 25), liberation and the DP camp (pp. 25 to 31), residents' memories (pp. 32 to 36), statistics to the demolition (pp. 37 to 46, citing Sparenberg, Oldenburger Jahrbuch 100, 2000, and Stadtarchiv/Staatsarchiv Oldenburg files) and the move to the Rennplatzsiedlung (pp. 47 to 50).
- Das DP-Lager bei Wehnen
Audra Brinkhus-Šaltys, Annaberger Annalen 19, 2011
Read for the statement that the Oldenburg camps at Ohmstede, Sandplatz, Unterm Berg and Ammerländer Heerstraße lasted into the 1950s and for the transfer to German administration on 30 June 1950.
- Displaced Persons im deutschen Südwesten
Paul Düring, Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, Accessed 13 September 2026
State-level context: at least 28 camps in what is now Baden-Württemberg, and the hard core of about 7,500 people taken on by Württemberg-Baden, later more than 10,000.
- Refugees and prisoners in Turkey during the Second World War in the light of archival documents
Ulvi Keser, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi VIII/18–19, pp. 185–208, 2009
Pages 198–199 on the 1945 repatriation order and refusal; p. 204 on closure in 1948, the 63 refugees of early 1949 and the 53 transferred, of whom 28 were Russian nationals.
- Grosulovo
Ovidiu Creangă, USHMM Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, volume III, pp. 687–688, 2018
Original encyclopedia entry, printed pages 687 to 688, read in full from the published PDF. Supplies the 1939 census figures, the occupation of 7 August 1941 and the shooting of 12 August, the Romanian administration and its officials, the creation of the camp in the tobacco depot, the April 1942 and September 1943 counts, the October 1943 transfers, the 706 Jews recorded in November 1943, the evacuation under Colonel Savin Motora and his recognition by Yad Vashem in 1983.
- Los expedientes personales de ingreso en el Depósito de Concentración y Clasificación de Personal Extranjero de Miranda de Ebro (Burgos). Índice nº 13
F. Javier López Jiménez, Archivo General Militar de Guadalajara, Ministerio de Defensa, 2003, revised February 2018
Alphabetical index to the admission files, AGMG DCME cajas 305279 to 305382, 104 boxes, extreme dates 1938 to 1947. Read in full from the cached copy at research-workers/section-completion/spain-sources/dcme-agmg-indices.pdf. Machine count of the nationality field: about 15,600 entries, of which 18 are recorded as UCRANIA, 53 as RUSIA and 175 as APATRIDA. The introduction supplies the classification categories, the contents of each file, the Pamplona police route for detainees in Navarre, the annual admission pattern and the February 1947 closure.
- In the Maelstrom: The Waffen-SS Galicia Division and Its Legacy, chapter 11 Rimini 1945–47
McGill-Queen’s University Press/JSTOR, 2023
Accessible opening of chapter 11, Rimini 1945–47, pp. 177–196: 17 October 1945 transfer date. Full chapter not accessed.
- Де сила — там воля вітає. Огляд діяльности Українського Спортового Товариства «Чорногора» в Авґсбурзі за роки 1945–1948
Chornohora sports society, 1948
Printed pp. 6, 9–12, 15–17, 32–33, 37, 39, 59–66, 67 and 75–79. Contemporary resident-written history, dated demographic snapshot, sporting results, photographs and departure notes. Original pages inspected; demographic arithmetic checked.
- The Power of Hope and Dreams: Ukrainian Intellectual Renaissance in Postwar Augsburg
Tetiana Vynarchuk, Ukrainian Free University, 2025
Conference proceedings, printed pp. 151–159. Entire article read; specific school history and 4 February 1946 university-course opening on p. 158. Newspaper references retained in the research record.
- Ukrainians in Wentorf Resettlement Centre
Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1992
Stebelsky table 6, printed pages 44-46: 104 Ukrainians in December 1947 and 825 in August 1951. Columns visually inspected.
- Displaced persons in Schleswig-Holstein
Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte / Karsten Dölger, Accessed September 2026
Regional historical account by Karsten Doelger. Identifies the Regional Processing Centre at Wentorf as for many the most important stage on the way overseas. Land figures read 13 September 2026: 130,255 DPs in Schleswig-Holstein on 18 July 1945, of whom 75,972 Poles, 11,986 Italians, 4,809 Yugoslavs, 4,629 Russians and 32,859 'others'; 54,247 in May 1947; 9,000 homeless foreigners still in camps on 1 July 1950; last camps cleared in spring 1962. No Ukrainian line in the 1945 breakdown.
- Bismarck-Kaserne (Wentorf)
Wikipedia DE, Accessed 13 September 2026
Wikitext read in full. Construction from 22 October 1936, handover October 1937, first recruits 1 November 1937, 17.97 hectares; barracks partly used as prisoner and forced-labour camps during the war; May 1945 British order for a reception camp; 20,000 registered by early 1946, 17,000 in November 1945, 10,000 in January 1946 including 7,500 Poles; British then UNRRA then IRO; repatriation to 1948, emigration preparation 1948-1951; schools, training workshops, medical centres, radio station, cinema, sports grounds and churches; Polish ex-soldiers and the Verband Polnischer Kaempfer Wentorf; camp dissolved January 1952; later German refugee transit camp with 153,572 people to 1960.
- Germany: diplomatic oral histories
Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Oral history compilation
PDF page 522: firsthand consular description of Wentorf screening, sponsorship and Ukrainian, Polish, Estonian and Yugoslav families. End-of-programme date is not treated as the residential camp closure date.
- Frankfurter Ring: Funkkaserne
Jüdisches Museum München, online exhibition Munich Displaced, retrieved 13 September 2026
Registration and distribution of arrivals, emigration advice, medical examinations, capacity 600 against up to 1,800 present, transit moved to Freimann in 1948, non-DP emigration from 1952.
- Receiving Europe’s Displaced at Bonegilla
Parklands Albury Wodonga; Wodonga Council reprint, 2010; reprinted 2016
Bruce Pennay, assisted by Jayne Persian. Full 28-page booklet read, including references and endnotes. Historical synthesis using contemporary documents and later memories; not all underlying sources were independently inspected.
- Bonegilla Migrant Experience Site Guide
Bonegilla Migrant Experience, July 2026 guide; retrieved 12 September 2026
Two-page site guide examined through embedded text. Supports the site layout, accommodation changes, kitchens, mess halls, chapel, Tudor Hall and the description of the busiest centre as housing up to 8,000 people. The complete broader site documentation was not examined.
- Uncovering secrets of the popular miniature Pier 21 model
Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, 2024
Museum curatorial account explains the building, arrival process, railway connections and 1928–1971 operating period.
- A Ukrainian family’s journey from Lexenfeld to Alberta
Family testimony preserved by the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, Undated
Records arrival aboard Marine Falcon on 23 June 1948, onward rail travel to Taber and sponsored agricultural work. Names omitted from the article.
- A Hospedaria de Imigrantes de Campo Limpo
Museu da Imigração, 6 May 2019
Museum history identifies the converted coffee warehouses, the Brás aviation school, the operating period, nationality shares, occupations and an authentic hostel photograph, and notes that the registers are held at the state public archive.
- Território e experiência imigratória: os refugiados em São Paulo no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial
Maria do Rosário Rolfsen Salles, Cadernos Metrópole 20, 2008
Original study read. Table 1, p. 183, reproduces the December 1950 immigration bulletin’s registration totals. Tables 2, 4 and 5 are samples from the Campo Limpo disembarkation lists held at the Memorial do Imigrante, covering first employment, employers and residence by zone.
- Conflicts of Quarantine: The Case of Jewish Immigrants to the Jewish State
Rhona Seidelman, American Journal of Public Health, 2012
Indexed full article passages and Table 1 checked. Original archival research establishes 1949 opening, 1962 closure, capacity, processing numbers, quarantine debates and changing use. Direct local download returned a browser challenge; no claim that downloaded challenge is article text.
- A survivor’s account from Radyvyliv
Radyvyliv memorial book, translated by JewishGen
Original memoir translation, page 250: route from Radyvyliv and other Soviet locations through Poland, arrival April 1957, ten months at Shaar HaAliya and Jewish Agency transfer to Holon. No resident names published.
- Historic Environment Scotland, Hallmuir Ukrainian Chapel with Memorial, LB49592
Historic Environment Scotland, Listed 2003
Live full designation text read; listing description is not a current site survey.
- T. A. Scott, Finding a New Life in Britain: Ukrainian Workers Turn P.O.W. Camp into Home
The Ukrainian Weekly, No. 40, p. 2, reprinted from the Weekly Chronicle, England, 27 October 1947
Original scanned page read in full; text layer extracted and saved. Figures, ages, activities and the credit line are taken directly from the article. The Weekly Chronicle printing and visit date are not located.
- AustriaCampsV7.xls, compiled register of camps in Austria
Klaus Fohringer, published by DP Camps.org, Workbook last saved 24 July 2021
Workbook downloaded and read; sheet Blatt 1, the three Hellbrunn rows. Gives UNRRA team 316 Salzburg, the former barracks with an old people's home and a children's home, Austrian administration from mid-1958, and the September 1953 figures. A compiled secondary register with heavy abbreviation; its rows cite Huber and Thumser 2000 and Stieber.
- FO 939/150: 69 Working Camp, Darras Hall Camp, Ponteland, Newcastle upon Tyne
The National Archives, Kew (catalogue record), 1945–1947
Catalogue entry only; the file is not digitised and was not read.
- Flüchtlingslager in Spittal an der Drau 1945–1962
Christina Sušnik, Fachhochschule Kärnten, 2016
Original archival thesis downloaded and read in full: chapters 3.2 to 3.4 for the wartime camp, administration, population series, layout, schools, daily life and closure. Precise closure date from page 16. The thesis works from Gabriela Stieber's studies of 1997, 1999 and 2005, the Spittal parish chronicle of Andreas Dollinger and Carinthian provincial files; those underlying sources have not been read directly.
- Retour au pays forcé ou rêvé: le rapatriement des Soviétiques depuis la France (1944–1947)
Amine Laggoune, doctoral thesis, EHESS (abstract), 2023
Abstract: about 120,000 former prisoners and forced labourers in 1944; from 1946 nearly 5,000 interwar émigrés, particularly Ukrainian and Belarusian workers; expulsion of the Soviet military mission.
- TÜPL Bruckneudorf I: Brucker Lager
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Research on Consequences of War, Encampment project
Institutional archival reconstruction checked. Cites NÖLA report Zl. 827/3 of 20 August 1945 explicitly describing transport of Ukrainian Ostarbeiter from Lager Bruck a/L.; also BLA municipal records and GARF correspondence. Distinguishes Bruck from Kaisersteinbruch.
- Chronik & Geschichte
Kulturhaus Abraxas, City of Augsburg, Accessed 12 September 2026
Building history, Roman Korol interview description and 2025 demolition update.
- Ukrainian account of internment at Miranda
Almanac of the Ukrainian National Association, 1971
Original printed pages 134–139 read. Explicit Ukrainian self-identification, October 1943 escape, Pamplona imprisonment and arrival at Miranda on 1 January 1944. Inmate names and identifying photograph omitted.
Reviewed 13 September 2026.